A Review of Research on Healthy Light Environment of Human Settlements Based on Visual Features of Old People
Cui Zhe, Chen Yidong, Hao Luoxi
(College of Architecture and Urban Planning, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China)
Abstract: Unfavorable indoor environmental factors (sound, light, heat and air quality, etc.) in modern urban human settlements often pose various threats to the physical and mental health of the elderly. This paper attempts to explore the methods of solving the problems of visual comfort, psychological emotion and circadian rhythm of the elderly from the perspective of architectural light environment. By sorting out and analyzing the frontier dynamics of related research at home and abroad, combing and summarizing the living environment and living environment of the elderly The focus of scientific research between quality.
Key words: elderly; visual characteristics; architectural light environment; light stimulation
CLC number: TU1 Document code: A DOI: 10. 3969 j. issn. 1004-440X. 2016. 05. 004
Research Trends on Elderly Healthy Lighting in Human Habitat
Based on Their Optic Characteristics
CUI Zhe, CHEN Yaodong, HAO Luoxi
( College of Architecture & Urban Planning of TongJi University, Shanghai 200092, China)
Abstract: Unhealthy indoor environment of modern human habitat often brings a variety of physical and
Mental diseases to the old people. This paper tries to analyze the visual comfort,psychological,physiology
And behavior of the elderly from the perspective of building indoor light environment.
And summary of domestic and foreign relevant literature,this paper summarizes the research focus of the
Light environment.
Key words: the elderly;optic characteristics; indoor environment; healthy lighting
introduction
China is facing a serious problem of aging society. The sixth census (2010) data [1] shows that the elderly population over 60 years old accounted for 13.31% of the total population. The Old Blue Book – China's Old Age Industry Development Report (2014) [2] pointed out: By the middle of the 21st century, China's elderly population will experience a period of rapid expansion; by 2030, the population over 65 will reach 371 million. People, the proportion of the population is as high as 25.3%. The United Nations population data forecast shows that China will become the world's most aging country by around 2030. It is predicted that the proportion of the population will reach 34.9%, which officially entered the "aging society (Aged society)". China's "Twelfth Five-Year Plan" [3] emphasizes: Establishing a pension service system based on home-based, community-based, and institutional support, expanding the field of aged care services, and realizing the services of old-age care from basic life care to medical health and spiritual comfort. Extension. The "Proposal of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Formulating the Thirteen-Year Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development" clearly mentions the acceleration of population aging.
Urban people spend as much as 80% to 90% of their daily living space (home, office, school, etc.). [4] Older people have more indoors due to degenerative changes in their physical functions. The impact of the environmental factors of human settlements on the quality of life of the users [5] , unfavorable environmental factors (sound, light, heat and air quality display, etc.) will bring hidden dangers to the physical and mental health of the elderly, and are some chronic diseases (such as : cardiovascular diseases, senile Alzheimer's disease, one lung cancer [6,7], etc.) is an important cause; asthma [8], obesity [9] and other conditions showed some correlation. Figure 1 [4] shows the various physiological stressors in the living space environment (stressors: acoustic environment, light environment, thermal environment, air quality, etc.) physiological disorders caused by the body or mind of the elderly and human physiological mechanisms Correspondence. As shown in Figure 1, the spatial relationship between indoor space stressors, physiological mechanisms, and physical and mental illnesses makes it more difficult to quantify the impact of the research environment on the physical and mental health of the elderly. It can also be seen from Fig. 1 that the light environment quality can act on the body's anti-stress, circadian rhythm and oxidative stress, and is associated with multiple diseases such as depression, cardiovascular disease and sleep disorders. A study by Japanese researcher Yoshimoto Kotaro [29] showed that the light environment has a greater impact on the mental health of the elderly than the thermal environment and space. In summary, taking the lighting environment of human settlements as the starting point, it is of great practical significance and social significance to explore the correlation between the physical and mental health of the elderly and the indoor light environment.
By collating and analyzing the frontier dynamics of related research at home and abroad, this paper attempts to explore ways to solve the health problems such as visual comfort, psychological emotion and circadian rhythm of the elderly from the perspective of architectural light environment, combing and summarizing the living environment and the elderly. The focus of research on the quality of life.
Figure 1 The relationship between indoor space environmental stressors, human physiological mechanisms and diseases [4] (author translated, redraw)
Fig. 1 Associations between stressors, mechanisms and diseases & disorders
1 Visual characteristics and physical and mental problems of the elderly
1. 1 visual characteristics
With the increase of age and the decline of the body, the visual system will undergo various degenerative changes [10] , mainly including: 1 the diameter of the cornea becomes smaller, the radius of curvature increases, and the sensitivity of perception decreases; 2 the pupil becomes smaller, such as Figure 2 [11] shows that the maximum diameter and minimum diameter of the pupils of the elderly will decrease with age, and the sensitivity of the pupils to light response will also decrease. The 75-year-olds can only reach 20 years old. 12%, to 80 years old, the sensitivity of the pupil's response to light in the elderly is almost zero [10]; 3 lens hardening, low regulation ability (Figure 3 [11] ), the eye has actually changed after about 60 years old It becomes a fixed-focus optical system; the absorption coefficient of short-wavelength of the lens 4 is greatly increased, resulting in a decrease in the color vision ability of the elderly. In addition, the vitreous structure and the eye structure such as the retina may also change. The above changes in the structure of the eye will cause the following characteristics of the visual system of the elderly: 1, the reduction of dark vision; 2 the decline of color discrimination; 3 the decrease of contrast sensitivity; 4 the sensitivity to glare; 5 the field of view becomes smaller, the depth of field The feeling is weakened; 6 In addition, the probability of pathological changes in the eyes of the elderly will be greatly increased, such as cataract, macular degeneration, glaucoma and diabetic retinopathy.
1. 2 Physiological and behavioral problems
Based on the visual characteristics described above, the combination of the elderly is limited by the inability of the body function to cause inconvenience, and the problem of exposure to sunlight outside is less, and the illumination stimulus received by the elderly is much lower than that of the young. According to the research of Hao Luoxi's research group [12] , under artificial lighting conditions, 50% of the living room in China has an illumination range of only 40 to 80 lx at night. It can be seen that the artificial lighting in China's living space is far from the residential lighting standard. The regulations (the illuminance standard value of the living room is 100 to 300 lx). However, a large number of studies have shown that [13] , to meet the non-visual effects (emotional effects, biological effects) of the human body, the pupil illumination is recommended to reach more than 1 000 lx. These status quos have made it difficult for Chinese urban living space light environment to meet the physiological and psychological lighting needs of people. Insufficient illumination can cause multiple mood disorders and physical illnesses in the elderly [15] . The World Health Organization report shows that [16] , emotional disorder is one of the important disease burdens of the elderly population. Bad emotions can disturb the normal physiological functions of the human body, leading to imbalance of body balance, affecting defense function, and reducing immune function, leading to such as sleep disorders and Al The occurrence and development of diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. The main emotional problems faced by the elderly are: nervousness, anxiety, depression, depression, irritability, anger, etc. Stressful and anxious emotions can increase the heart rate of the elderly and increase the resistance of blood flow, which leads to increased blood pressure. Lasting tension or anxiety will increase the risk of hypertension in the elderly [17-18] . Depression and depression can make the elderly lose interest in daily life, depression, depression, depression, and even mood instability, mania [19] , suicide, etc. [20-21] . Illness and anger can cause headaches, dizziness, and even fainting in the elderly. In severe cases, it may cause a stroke.
Figure 2 Maximum and minimum pupil diameters as a function of age [11] ( Related by the author)
Fig. 2 The maximum and minimum pupil diameter changes with age
With the increase of age, the incidence of sleep disorders is much higher than that of young people. Sleep disorders can seriously affect the health of the elderly, increase the probability of cardiovascular disease, lead to endocrine disorders and decreased immunity [22-23] . Patients with senile Alzheimer's disease are more likely to suffer from sleep disorders than healthy older adults, and their sleep quality is worse. Studies have shown that [24-26] , elderly patients with advanced Alzheimer's disease are almost awake at night for 40% of the time, and most of the day are not awake.
Figure 3 The adjustment of the human eye is reduced with increasing age [11] ( Related by the author, redraw)
Fig. 3 The decline of eyes adjustment ability with age
Therefore, the light environment is vital to the physical and mental health and quality of life of the elderly, and today's Chinese home space lighting standards only consider the visual needs, ignoring the emotional and biological effects of light. Today, with the aging of Chinese society, the old-age pension is the main mode of old-age care. It is of great academic and social significance to create a home space lighting environment that meets the emotional needs of the elderly and improve the quality of life of the elderly.
2 Relevant research trends at home and abroad
2. 1 Light environment and visual comfort
At present, most relevant researches on the visual comfort of the elderly center around the living environment light environment parameters (brightness distribution, illumination, color temperature, ambient light environment parameters (brightness distribution, illumination, color temperature, light color, frequency) and visual comfort). The correlation between the two is discussed. The research methods are mainly subjective evaluation methods. For example, the Tongji University Light Environment Laboratory [27] sets different color temperature (3 000 K, 4 000 ) according to the real hospital ward space construction scale simulation laboratory. K, 5 700 K), illumination (100 lx, 200 lx, 400 lx) and direct lighting contribution rate (0%, 30%, 50%, 70%) of the lighting scene, through subjective questionnaires and interviews The visual comfort and psychological experience of the elderly with a history of cardiovascular disease in various light environments. The results showed: 1 Older subjects were more satisfied with the lighting scene with a color temperature of 4 000 K; 2 compared to 400 lx and 100 Lx, the participants are more inclined to 200 lx lighting scenes, indicating that the requirements for the elderly in the ward training are not as high as possible; 3 at the same time, the elderly believe that the direct lighting contribution rate is 30% (indirect lighting contribution More satisfactory for the lighting scene of 70%), it also shows that the elderly prefer softer light environment. Japanese scholar Oe et al. [28] studied the elderly and young people in different groups of subjects under different behaviors. Comparing the perception and tolerance of spatial light environment changes, the differences between the two groups of people were compared, and the optimal illumination environment under different behaviors was quantified. Figure 4 shows the variation range of the color temperature of the indoor light environment. Rate tolerance (in terms of tolerance). In the figure, the horizontal axis is the color temperature before the change, and the vertical axis is the color temperature after the change (the line with Y = X indicates that the color temperature has not changed). The core area indicates (left image, dark gray). The variation range and rate range of color temperature when the tolerance of color temperature change is above 80%. The experimental results show that the young people change the rate of color temperature slowly, and the tolerance rate increases significantly. The adjustment time and tolerance rate also show significant The correlation between the old subjects and the rate and rate of any color temperature can reach more than 80%. The researchers believe that this is due to the deterioration of the color system caused by the deterioration of the visual system of the elderly. The sensitivity of the decline is caused by the decline.
Figure 4: Tolerance of the variation and rate of color temperature in indoor light environment [28]
(author translated, redraw)
Fig. 4 The tolerance of the subjects towards the changes of CCT
2. 2 Light environment and psychological emotions
As mentioned above, the emotional barriers of the elderly have a certain correlation with the lack of illumination, which has been widely recognized by the lighting industry. The Japanese scholar Sakamoto Kotaro [29] also fully proved this point. The researchers used a QOL questionnaire to conduct a questionnaire survey of 300 elderly people aged 65 and over in Yamaguchi Prefecture, Japan, to explore the impact of different environmental factors on the daily life and health of the elderly. The researchers conducted an x ​​2 test on the questionnaire data and performed multiple regression analysis on the selected factor weights. The results showed that the environmental factors affecting the mental health status of the elderly were as follows: light environment, space, and thermal environment. Prabu Wardono et al. [30] used numerical scenario simulation and subjective questionnaire evaluation methods to study the perception, emotion and social behavior of the subjects with light, color and decoration as variables. The experimental results also show that the illumination environment has the most significant impact on the spatial user's mood. Numerous studies have shown that using light stimulation to alleviate negative emotions and even depression symptoms in the elderly is an effective and safe means [31] . Terman M et al [32] through long-term follow-up experiments, the results show that: 50% to 65% of patients with depression within a week of emotional and depression levels have been effectively improved. Czech scholar J. Prasko et al. [33] conducted high-intensity white light on patients with depression by high-intensity white light (10 000 lx, 6:30-7:30 every day for 6 weeks). The mood and depressive symptoms have a good effect.
2. 3 Light environment and physiology and behavior
Some physiological diseases of the elderly (eg, Alzheimer's disease, cardiovascular disease, etc.) are related to sleep disorders caused by circadian rhythm disorders; at the same time, circadian rhythms are closely related to light; therefore, the field The study mainly regulates the circadian rhythm, diet and behavior of the elderly by using specific illumination (white light or monochromatic light) for specific durations of light stimulation at specific times. In 2001, Japanese scholar Ito Takeo [34] conducted an experimental study on two Alzheimer's patients (83-year-old female, 90-year-old female) in a special old-age care facility in the snowy area of ​​Niigata Prefecture, Japan. The study conducted quantitative research on the behaviors of the subjects (feeding, regularity), sleep awakening state, self-reliance, response to sound stimulation, expression changes, and wheelchair sitting posture. The experiment is divided into three stages: comparison, illumination stimulation and follow-up observation. Stimulation was performed using light with an intensity of 2500 lx (pupil illumination). As a result, as shown in Fig. 5, the light stimulation promoted the food intake of the subject, and this positive effect lasted for about 1 month after the light stimulation was stopped. The following year, Ito Wufu [35] conducted a follow-up study on 27 Alzheimer's patients in a nursing home in Shiga Prefecture, Japan (10 males, 17 females, and an average age of 82.4 years). The experiment is arranged in the public space on the first floor of the old-age care institution, and the large-surface light source provides high-intensity illumination. The experiment was conducted with light stimulation at breakfast, lunch, and entertainment time, and the cumulative exposure time was 3.5 hours per day. The experiment quantitatively evaluated the sleep quality, night sputum, sputum and daytime awakening. During the experiment, there were two stages of comparison and light stimulation, totaling 1. 5 months. The results of the study are shown in Figure 6. Through high-intensity illumination, the proportion of subjects who were awakened at night, night sputum, and loud sputum showed a significant downward trend. Dutch researcher Riemersma et al. [36] conducted a five-year light stimulation study of 189 older adults (mean age: 85. 9) between 1999 and 2004. The study was double-blind, and subjects were exposed (1000 lx, 300 lx) throughout the day, and the changes in melatonin at night were recorded. The results show that light stimulation can effectively improve the cognitive and non-cognitive symptoms of Alzheimer's patients in the elderly, and can also effectively deal with the adverse effects of melatonin on mood.
Figure 5 Relationship between food intake and light stimulation [34]
(author translated, redraw)
Fig. 5 The impact of light stimulation on food - intake change
Figure 6 Proportion of night awakening, snoring, and loud snoring at different stages of light stimulation [35]
(author translated, redraw)
Fig. 6 The impact of light stimulation on the subjects, nocturnal behaviors
3 Summary and outlook
With the continuous development and progress of global lighting technology, health lighting has become a common concern of researchers in the lighting neighborhood. How to solve people's psychological and physiological problems from the perspective of architectural light environment also has very important scientific research and social significance. In particular, for those who are inconvenient to move, less involved in outdoor activities, and those who are under-lighted, it is more necessary to study the healthy indoor light environment.
1) Vision. Based on the special visual characteristics of the elderly, the lighting design of the living space should be sufficiently targeted. However, we regret to find that in the current architectural design for the elderly, lighting has not received enough attention. The lighting design for the visual characteristics of the elderly did not form a system. Combining the basic theoretical research results in this field, applying the theoretical results to the actual project, and gradually forming a complete illumination system for the elderly, has great social significance.
2) Physiology. Physiological rhythm disorders in the elderly can cause sleep disorders, cardiovascular diseases, Alzheimer's disease and other physical diseases. Related research and applications have generally attempted to improve the rhythm disorder in the elderly by giving specific amounts of light stimulation to the elderly at specific times. The research results so far have calibrated the approximate range of the light intensity, the irradiation time, and the irradiation time (cumulative light amount) which can effectively cause physiological effects. However, due to the experimental method and scale, it is not possible to give an accurate optimal value. Research in this area will be undergoing extensive repetitive experiments for a long time to collect sufficient amounts of basic data.
3) Psychology. The light environment can effectively affect people's psychology and emotions and has been widely recognized by the academic community. A comfortable light environment can regulate people's emotions and even relieve emotional disorders such as depression. The mood of the elderly is affected by factors such as circadian rhythm, sleep quality, and physical diseases. Therefore, the impact of lighting on the mood of the elderly is a more complex and comprehensive topic. The needs of the elderly for the "visual", "physiological" and "psychological" of the light environment are not consistent. How to balance the needs of the three aspects and create a healthy light environment suitable for the living space of the elderly in China is an important research topic. Based on the evidence-based design concept, the authors explore the weight of these three aspects of the quality of life of the elderly in different functional spaces and different conditions, and draw the final goal of guiding elderly health lighting design or research in this field.
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