Radio Frequency Identification (Radio Frequency IdenTIficaTIon, RFID) technology is a non-contact automatic identification technology (hereinafter referred to as RFID) realized by radio frequency communication. RFID tags are small in size, large in capacity, long in life, and reusable. They support fast reading and writing, non-visual recognition, mobile recognition, multi-target recognition, positioning and long-term tracking management. RFID technology combined with technologies such as the Internet and communications enables global tracking and information sharing.
ISO/IEC is one of the most important standardization organizations in the field of information technology. ISO/IEC believes that RFID is a good means of automatic identification and data collection. The development of RFID standards should not only consider the single product identification in the field of logistics supply chain, but also consider electronic ticket, article anti-counterfeiting, animal management, food and medical management. , fixed asset management and other application areas. Based on this understanding, the ISO/IEC Joint Technical Committee JTC commissioned the SC31 Subcommittee to be responsible for the development of all RFID common technical standards, that is, to standardize the common attributes of all RFID applications; entrusted professional committees to be responsible for the application of technical standards. For example, ISO TC104 SC4 is responsible for the development of RFID standards for container series. ISO TC 23 SC19 is responsible for the development of RFID standards for animal management series. The joint working group composed of ISO TC122 and ISO TC104 has developed a series of application standards for logistics and supply chain [1]. For the development of all standards, some experts may entrust some experts to draft draft standards. The standards draft may be submitted directly by the enterprise or experts, and then reviewed and revised according to the procedures established by the ISO standardization organization until the final approval is implemented. All current ISO RFID draft standards can be found on the website http://.
First, the general RFID technology standardThe general technical standards of ISO/IEC can be divided into two categories: data collection and information sharing. The technical standards for data collection involve labels, readers, applications, etc. It can be understood as a simple system composed of a single local reader. It is understood as a part of the big system, and its hierarchical relationship is shown in Figure 1. The information sharing class is the technical standard necessary for information sharing between RFID application systems, such as software architecture standards.
In Figure 1, the left half is a hierarchical block diagram of the general RFID standard, and the right half is a hierarchical block diagram of the RFID standard after the addition of auxiliary power and sensor functions, which was developed in 2006. It clearly shows the hierarchical relationship between the standards. The bottom-up is the RFID tag identification coding standard ISO/IEC 15963, then the air interface protocol ISO/IEC 18000 series, ISO/IEC 15962 and ISO/IEC 24753 data transmission. Protocol, final ISO/IEC 15961 API. Standards related to auxiliary power supplies and sensors are the air interface protocol, the ISO/IEC 24753 data transmission protocol, and the IEEE 1451 standard.
1, data content standardsData content standards primarily specify the representation of data in the various sections of the tag, reader to host (ie, middleware or application). Due to the limitation of the tag capability (storage capability, communication capability), the data representation in each link must take full account of their respective characteristics and adopt different forms of expression. In addition, the host's access to the tag can be independent of the reader and air interface protocol [2], which means that the reader and air interface protocol is transparent to the application. The application interface of the RFID data protocol is based on ASN.1, which provides a set of command structures that are independent of the application, operating system, and programming language, and are independent of the tag reader and tag driver.
ISO/IEC 15961 specifies the interface between the reader and the application [3], focusing on the standard way of applying commands to exchange data with the data protocol processor, so that the application can read and write the electronic tag data. , modify, delete and other operational functions. The protocol also defines an error response message.
ISO/IEC 15962 specifies the encoding, compression, and logical memory mapping formats of data [3], and how to translate data in electronic tags into applications that are meaningful. The protocol provides a set of data compression mechanisms that take advantage of the limited data storage space in the electronic tag and the ability to communicate over the air.
ISO/IEC 24753 extends the ISO/IEC 15962 data processing capability [3] for electronic tags with auxiliary power and sensor functions. After the addition of the sensor, the amount of data stored in the electronic tag and the management tasks for the sensor are greatly increased. ISO/IEC 24753 specifies functions such as battery status monitoring, sensor setting and reset, and sensor processing. Figure 1 shows that ISO/IEC 24753, along with ISO/IEC 15962, regulates data processing and command interaction with electronic tags for auxiliary power and sensor functions. Their role makes ISO/IEC 15961 independent of electronic tags and air interface protocols.
ISO/IEC 15963 specifies the coding standard for unique identification of electronic tags [5], which is compatible with ISO/IEC 7816-6, ISO/TS 14816, EAN.UCC standard coding systems, INCITS 256 and retention extensions for the future. Note that unlike the item code, the item code is the code for the item to which the tag is attached, and the standard identifies the tag itself.
2, air interface communication protocolThe air interface communication protocol regulates the information interaction between the reader and the electronic tag, and the purpose is to interconnect the devices between different manufacturers [6]. ISO/IEC has developed air interface protocols for five frequency bands, mainly because RFID tags in different frequency bands have large differences in reading speed, reading distance, and applicable environment. The standards of single frequency bands cannot meet the needs of various applications. This kind of thinking fully reflects the relative unity of standards. One standard is the common demand for a wide range of application systems, but not all application systems. A set of standards can meet a wider range of application requirements.
ISO/IEC 18000-1 Information Technology - Radio Frequency Identification - Reference Structure and Standardized Parameter Definition Based on Item Management. It regulates the communication parameter list of readers and tags and the basic rules of intellectual property that are commonly observed in the air interface communication protocol. Thus, the standard corresponding to each frequency band does not need to be repeated for the same content.
ISO/IEC 18000-2 Information Technology - Radio Frequency Identification Based on Single Product Management - Suitable for intermediate frequency 125 ~ 134KHz, specifies the physical interface for communication between the tag and the reader, the reader should have Type A (FDX) The ability to communicate with Type B (HDX) tags; specifies protocols and commands and anti-collision methods for multi-tag communications.
ISO/IEC 18000-3 Information Technology - Radio Frequency Identification Based on Single Product Management - Applicable to the high frequency band 13.56 MHz, which specifies the physical interface, protocol and command between the reader and the tag and the anti-collision method. The anti-collision protocol can be divided into two modes, and the mode 1 is further divided into a basic type and two extended types of protocols (no time slot non-terminating multi-transponder protocol and time slot termination adaptive polling multi-transponder reading protocol) . Mode 2 uses a time-frequency multiplexed FTDMA protocol with a total of 8 channels, which is suitable for the case of a large number of tags.
ISO/IEC 18000-4 Information Technology - Radio Frequency Identification Based on Single Item Management - Applicable to the microwave section 2.45 GHz, which specifies the physical interface, protocol and command between the reader and the tag and the anti-collision method. The standard includes two modes. Mode 1 is that the passive tag works by the reader first; mode 2 is the active tag, and the working mode is the tag first.
ISO/IEC 18000-6 Information Technology - Radio Frequency Identification Based on Single Product Management - Suitable for ultra-high frequency band 860 ~ 960MHz, specifies the physical interface, protocol and command between the reader and the tag and anti-collision method. It contains interface protocols for TypeA, TypeB and TypeC passive tags, and the communication distance can be up to 10m. TypeC was drafted by EPCglobal and approved in July 2006. It has greatly improved in recognition speed, read/write speed, data capacity, collision avoidance, information security, frequency band adaptability, and anti-interference. The V4.0 draft was submitted in 2006 and is extended for features with auxiliary power and sensor electronic tags, including tag data storage and interactive commands. Active tags with batteries provide a wide range of readability and greater communication reliability, but they are larger and more expensive.
ISO/IEC 18000-7 is suitable for the ultra-high frequency band 433.92 MHz and is an active electronic tag. The physical interface, protocol and command between the reader and the tag and the anti-collision method are specified. The active tag has a large reading range and is suitable for tracking large fixed assets.
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