Satellite frequency and orbital resources have important strategic significance for a country's political, economic, and national defense construction, and are a valuable strategic resource for all countries in the world. At present, countries are paying more and more attention to satellite development, and the demand for satellite frequency/orbit is also growing.
In order to obtain and effectively use limited satellite frequency and orbit resources to maximize and safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of China, the radio management department needs to understand the development of satellite services at home and abroad, and study the planning and implementation of satellite frequencies and orbits in the world, especially in the Asia-Pacific region. Demand trends, master the rules and procedures for satellite frequency/orbit reporting and coordination, analyze the division of frequency bands used by satellite services and the characteristics of radio wave propagation. This paper discusses the current status and development trends of satellite frequency/orbit use at home and abroad, satellite frequency and orbit resource management regulations and allocation mechanisms, and frequency bands involved in satellite services, and proposes countermeasures to strengthen satellite frequency and orbit resource management. Throwing bricks to attract jade.
1 Status and development trend of satellite frequency and orbit resource use1.1 National disputes satellite frequency/orbit resources
With economic and military development, satellite frequencies and geostationary orbit resources have increasingly become targets for countries to seize. Some countries and organizations, for their own interests, first occupy the orbital position and frequency and then launch satellites. However, many satellites have only been registered in writing and become so-called paper satellites.
As far as the current registration of the ITU (ITU) is concerned, the C-band communication satellites in the geostationary orbit are nearly saturated, and the Ku-band communication satellites are also very crowded. In recent years, some countries in the Asia-Pacific region, including Japan, India, South Korea, and Malaysia, have independently or jointly manufactured communications satellites to seize track resources. The occurrence of "crashes" between satellites in various countries and the need for coordination have occurred from time to time. Seizing the satellite frequency/orbit resources and competing for space advantages has become one of the hot spots in the field of satellite development in the world today.
According to reports, there are currently about 800 satellites in space around the world, including more than 400 satellites in the US and more than 300 in other countries. There are more than 90 military satellites used for intelligence reconnaissance, early warning detection, command and dispatch, navigation, etc. There are more than 40 military reconnaissance satellites; Russia has nearly 100 satellites, but more than 40% of them have exceeded their service life. Therefore, Russia plans to carry out technological transformation of existing military and civilian satellites, and at the same time develop and launch new military satellites; there are about 70 satellites in European countries; Japan has launched a total of 70 satellites for communications and reconnaissance from 1970 to the end of 2000. At present, there are about 28 in orbit; since 1975, India has launched nearly 20 series of satellites such as Earth observation, geosynchronous communication, solar physics experiment, radio and television, remote sensing satellite and military reconnaissance; 50 degrees east longitude in China. There are more than 90 satellites in the 180-degree east longitude, of which 61 are in the C-band and 72 in the Ku-band.
1.2 China's satellite frequency / orbit resources
With the continuous development of satellite systems, China's satellite business and applications are also increasingly widespread. At present, China has a series of satellites in the fields of communication, navigation and positioning, meteorology, ocean and scientific experiments. Since the launch of the first artificial earth satellite "Dongfanghong No. 1" in 1970, China has successively launched Dongfanghong No. 2 and No. 3, Zhongwei No. 1, Zhongxing No. 6, Xinnuo No. 1, Asia No. 4, Asia-Pacific 6 Satellite. The number of satellites in orbital geostationary orbit (GSO) is 18 in China, and 11 in non-stationary orbit (NGSO) satellites. It is planned to launch 30 to 50 satellites in the next five years.
According to statistics, there are currently more than 200 sets of valid satellite network data registered in the ITU (ITU) (the same track is declared in the same name), involving 62 geostationary orbit positions and multiple non-stationary orbits. And involves all frequency bands allocated by the ITU to satellite applications.
1.3 Satellite frequency/orbit development trend
Future satellite business development and frequency/orbit requirements generally have the following trends:
* The satellite fixed service will develop in the direction of high frequency band, large capacity, digitization, broadband, and IP;
* The satellite broadcasting service will have broad market prospects and develop into multimedia services;
* The satellite mobile service will further develop new frequency bands and study technologies for efficient use of spectrum;
* The satellite positioning service and satellite navigation services will evolve from regional systems to global systems;
* The frequency bands of space services such as satellite meteorology and satellite earth exploration will develop towards more, higher and greater bandwidth;
* Demand for data transmission between satellites will increase, and satellite telemetry/remote control bands will be further expanded.
2 Satellite frequency and orbit resource management regulations and allocation mechanisms2.1 Satellite Resources and Orbital Resources Management Regulations
Satellite resource management regulations are the basic basis and guidelines for the coordination, distribution and use of satellite resources, including international regulations and national regulations. Following these regulations is a necessary prerequisite for the rational and orderly management of satellite resources.
Among them, the international regulations governing satellite frequency and orbital allocation mainly include the United Nations Declaration on Outer Space, the Outer Space Treaty, the International Telecommunication Union Organization Law, the International Telecommunication Union Convention and the ITU Radio Regulations. , "Program Rules", "Recommendations", etc. According to international regulations, countries have the right to peacefully explore and utilize outer space activities; radio frequencies and satellite orbits are limited natural resources that must be used equally, rationally, economically and effectively; effective interference control mechanisms should be used to make full use of frequency and Orbital resources.
China's satellite resource management regulations include the Radio Regulations of the People's Republic of China, the Radio Frequency Division Regulations of the People's Republic of China, the Regulations on the Administration of Satellite Space Space Stations, the Regulations for Establishing Satellite Communication Networks and Setting up the Use of Earth Stations. Since China’s participation in the international convention on space development, with the continuous development of China’s satellite business, domestic regulations have played a role in strengthening the scientific planning and rational use of satellite frequencies and orbit resources, and safeguarding the legitimate rights and interests of China’s satellite frequency and orbit resources. The more important the role. The "Regulations on the Division of Radio Frequency of the People's Republic of China" refers to and complies with the ITU Radio Regulations. It defines the frequency bands used by various radio services, including space services. It is the most important and basic frequency management policy document in China and is the country. The basis for medium- and long-term planning of radio frequencies.
2.2 Satellite resource and orbit resource allocation mechanism
(1) Coordination Law and Planning Law
According to the Radio Regulations, there are two main types of satellite frequency/orbital allocation mechanisms: one is the harmonization law, which is legally “first-come-first†through reporting and coordination, that is, for satellite frequency/orbit allocation in unplanned frequency bands. After three stages of declaration, coordination and notification, to obtain the required satellite frequency/orbit, and to obtain international protection; the second is the planning law, that is, the means of equal distribution and planning of satellite business resources through planning means, the specific procedures are as follows Footnotes to Articles 5, 9, and 11 of the Radio Regulations, as well as Appendices 30, 30A and 30B.
(2) The first phase of the Coordination Law: publication of information in advance
Regarding the coordination method allocation mechanism, the first phase is the advancement of the data phase of the satellite network (referred to as phase A). Article 9 (I) of the Radio Regulations states that satellite network filings require the submission of general descriptions (ie API information) on satellite networks or satellite systems to the ITU Radiocommunication Bureau (BR) in advance. The basic content of network declaration includes orbit, beam, frequency band, polarization, service category, transmission category (bandwidth, signal strength), application category, required protection ratio (such as carrier-to-interference ratio (C/I), signal-to-noise ratio (S) /I)) and so on. Phase A is the necessary stage before the coordination and notification phase. The API information should be no earlier than 7 years before the network planning activation date, preferably no later than 2 years before the date.
(3) The second phase of the coordination law: coordination
The second phase is the satellite network coordination phase (C phase), and its coordination procedures are carried out in accordance with Article 9 of the Radio Regulations. The applicant country must submit detailed satellite network data (ie C data) within 2 years of receipt of the API data in accordance with the requirements of Appendix 4 of the Radio Regulations. BR will publish the C data in the special section of the International Frequency Information Circular (IFIC). The competent department with coordination requirements and the competent department initiating the coordination request shall give the corresponding competent authority a reply or disagreement and reason within 4 months after the publication of the C information, otherwise it shall be deemed as consent.
(4) The third phase of the Coordination Law: Notification Registration
The third phase is the satellite network notification registration phase (N phase), and its notification procedure is carried out in accordance with Article 11 of the Radio Regulations and Resolution 33. Clause 11.25 stipulates that the notification information (N data) should be sent to BR no earlier than 3 years before the frequency assignment is put into use; Section 11.43A stipulates that if the frequency has been sent and the data has been put into use If the modification is made, the modification shall be put into use within 5 years from the date of the modification notice; Article 11.44 stipulates that the N data shall be put into use no later than 7 years from the date of receipt of the API data (after November 22, 1997). All notification information will be verified by BR for further technical and regulatory purposes. After passing the examination, the frequency assignment can be recorded in the International Frequency Register (MIFR). Thereafter, the newly established satellite networks of other administrations shall not cause harmful interference to them, and may not lodge complaints even if they are interfered with by them.
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