Optical fiber transceivers are only used for photoelectric signal conversion, and protocol converters are used to convert one protocol to another
Optical fiber transceiver is a physical layer device, which is a device that converts optical fiber into twisted pair, with 10/100 / 1000M conversion.
There are many types of protocol converters, most of which are basically a layer 2 device. A RAD protocol converter often encountered is a device that converts 2M E1 lines into V.35 data lines and connects to routers. For twisted pair Ethernet, with the help of 2M communication lines, remote access and expansion of the local area network can be achieved.
The maintenance of these two devices is not large, as long as they are not burned, they will not be damaged.
A router is a device with more than 3 layers. You need to have a lot of knowledge about router configuration. The usage of different brands is quite different, and you need targeted learning.
protocol.
Optical fiber transceiver is an Ethernet transmission media conversion unit that exchanges short-distance twisted pair electrical signals and long-distance optical signals. ).
Fiber optic transceivers are generally used in actual network environments where Ethernet cables cannot be covered and optical fibers must be used to extend the transmission distance. At the same time, they have played a huge role in helping to connect the last mile of optical fiber lines to the metropolitan area network and the outer network. The role. With the optical fiber transceiver, it also provides a cheap solution for users who need to upgrade the system from copper wire to optical fiber but lack capital, manpower or time. In order to ensure full compatibility with other manufacturers' network cards, repeaters, hubs and switches and other network equipment, fiber transceiver products must strictly comply with Ethernet such as 10Base-T, 100Base-TX, 100Base-FX, IEEE802.3 and IEEE802.3u Network standards. In addition, in terms of EMC protection against electromagnetic radiation, it should comply with FCC Part15. Nowadays, major domestic operators are vigorously constructing community networks, campus networks, and enterprise networks, so the amount of fiber transceiver products is also continuously increasing to better meet the needs of access network construction.
Fiber optic transceivers usually have the following basic characteristics:
1. Provide ultra-low latency data transmission.
2. Fully transparent to network protocols.
3. Adopt special ASIC chip to realize data line speed forwarding. Programmable ASICs concentrate multiple functions on a single chip, which has the advantages of simple design, high reliability, and low power consumption. It can enable the device to obtain higher performance and lower cost.
4. Rack-type equipment can provide hot-swap function for easy maintenance and uninterrupted upgrade.
5. The network management equipment can provide functions such as network diagnosis, upgrade, status report, abnormal condition report and control, and can provide complete operation log and alarm log.
6. The equipment mostly adopts 1 + 1 power supply design, supports ultra-wide power supply voltage, and realizes power supply protection and automatic switching.
7. Support ultra wide working temperature range.
8. Support complete transmission distance (0 ～ 120 km)
Simply put, a fiber optic transceiver is a converter that uses optical fiber as a physical medium and converts an Ethernet signal to an optical signal
What is a fiber optic transceiver:
Optical fiber transceiver is an Ethernet transmission media conversion unit that exchanges short-distance twisted pair electrical signals and long-distance optical signals. It is also called a photoelectric converter in many places. The product is generally applied in the actual network environment where the Ethernet cable cannot cover and must use optical fiber to extend the transmission distance, and is usually positioned at the access layer application of the broadband metropolitan area network; at the same time, it is helping to connect the last kilometer line of optical fiber to the metro The network and the outer layers also play a huge role.
When enterprises carry out informatization infrastructure construction, they usually pay more attention to network devices such as routers, switches, and even network cards used for node data exchange, but they often ignore the non-essential equipment such as media conversion. Especially in some government agencies and enterprises that require a high degree of informatization and large data traffic, the network construction needs to be directly connected to the backbone network using optical fiber as the transmission medium, and the transmission medium of the internal LAN of the enterprise is generally copper wire to ensure Media conversion equipment that smoothly transmits data packets between different networks becomes a necessity.
Fiber optic transceiver classification:
At present, there are many foreign and domestic manufacturers of optical fiber transceivers, and the product line is also extremely rich. In order to ensure full compatibility with other manufacturers' network cards, repeaters, hubs and switches and other network equipment, fiber transceiver products must strictly comply with Ethernet such as 10Base-T, 100Base-TX, 100Base-FX, IEEE802.3 and IEEE802.3u In addition to the Internet standard, it should comply with FCC Part 15 in terms of EMC protection against electromagnetic radiation. Nowadays, major domestic operators are vigorously constructing community networks, campus networks, and enterprise networks, so the amount of fiber transceiver products is also continuously increasing to better meet the needs of access network construction.
With the diversified development of optical fiber transceiver products, their classification methods are also different, but there is a certain correlation between various classification methods.
· Classify according to the nature of optical fiber:
Single-mode optical fiber transceiver: transmission distance of 20 kilometers to 120 kilometers Multi-mode optical fiber transceiver: transmission distance of 2 kilometers to 5 kilometers
According to the optical fiber, it can be divided into multimode fiber transceiver and single mode fiber transceiver. Due to the different optical fibers used, the transceiver can transmit different distances. Multi-mode transceivers generally have a transmission distance of 2 kilometers to 5 kilometers, while single-mode transceivers can cover a range of 20 kilometers to 120 kilometers. It should be pointed out that due to the difference in transmission distance, the transmission power, receiving sensitivity and use wavelength of the optical fiber transceiver itself will also be different.
For example, the transmission power of a 5km fiber transceiver is generally between -20 and -14db, and the receiving sensitivity is -30db, using a wavelength of 1310nm; while the transmission power of a 120km fiber transceiver is mostly between -5 and 0dB, the receiving sensitivity For -38dB, use a wavelength of 1550nm.
· According to the required optical fiber classification:
Single-fiber optical fiber transceiver: receive and send data to transmit on one optical fiber; dual-fiber optical fiber transceiver: receive and send data to transmit on a pair of optical fibers
As the name implies, a single-fiber device can save half of the optical fiber, that is, to receive and send data on one fiber, which is very suitable in places where fiber resources are tight. This type of product uses the technology of wavelength division multiplexing, and the wavelengths used are mostly 1310nm and 1550nm. However, because there is no unified international standard for single-fiber transceiver products, there may be incompatibilities when products of different manufacturers are interconnected. In addition, due to the use of wavelength division multiplexing, single-fiber transceiver products generally have the characteristics of large signal attenuation. At present, most of the optical fiber transceivers on the market are dual-fiber products. Such products are relatively mature and stable, but require more optical fibers.
· Classification by working level / rate:
100M Ethernet optical fiber transceiver: working at the physical layer
10 / 100M adaptive Ethernet optical fiber transceiver: working at the data link layer
According to the working level / rate, it can be divided into single 10M, 100M optical fiber transceiver, 10 / 100M adaptive optical fiber transceiver and 1000M optical fiber transceiver. Among them, the single 10M and 100M transceiver products work at the physical layer, and the transceiver products working at this layer forward the data bit by bit. This forwarding method has the advantages of fast forwarding speed, high transparency, and low delay. It is suitable for use on links with a fixed rate. At the same time, because such devices do not have a self-negotiation process before normal communication, they are Better sex and stability.
The 10 / 100M fiber transceiver works at the data link layer. At this layer, the fiber transceiver uses a store-and-forward mechanism. In this way, the forwarding mechanism must read its source MAC address and destination for each data packet received. MAC address and data payload, and only forward the data packet after completing the CRC cyclic redundancy check. The benefits of store and forward can prevent some erroneous frames from spreading in the network and occupy valuable network resources. At the same time, it can also prevent the loss of data packets due to network congestion. When the data link is saturated, store and forward may not be able to The forwarded data is placed in the buffer of the transceiver first, and then forwarded when the network is idle. This not only reduces the possibility of data conflicts but also ensures the reliability of data transmission, so the 10 / 100M fiber transceiver is suitable for working on links with variable rates. 1000M fiber optic transceivers can work at the physical layer or data link layer according to actual needs. Both 1000M fiber optic transceivers are available on the market.
· Classified by structure:
Desktop (stand-alone) fiber optic transceiver: stand-alone user equipment rack-type (modular) fiber transceiver: installed in a 16-slot chassis, using centralized power supply
According to the structure, it can be divided into desktop (independent) optical fiber transceiver and rack-type optical fiber transceiver. The desktop optical fiber transceiver is suitable for use by a single user, such as satisfying the uplink of a single switch in the corridor. Rack-type (modular) fiber optic transceivers are suitable for the aggregation of multiple users. For example, the central computer room of the community must meet the uplink of all switches in the community. Using the rack facilitates the unified management and unified power supply of all modular fiber transceivers At present, most domestic racks are 16-slot products, that is, up to 16 modular fiber transceivers can be inserted in a rack.
· Classified by management type:
Unmanaged Ethernet fiber optic transceiver: plug and play, set the working mode of the electrical port through the hardware dial switch. Managed Ethernet fiber optic transceiver: support carrier-grade network management
According to the network management, it can be divided into network management type optical fiber transceiver and non-network management type optical fiber transceiver. With the development of the network in the direction of being operable and manageable, most operators hope that all the equipment in their networks can be remotely managed. Fiber transceiver products, like switches and routers, are gradually developing in this direction. The fiber transceivers that can be managed can also be subdivided into local network management and user terminal network management. The fiber optic transceivers that can be managed by the central office are mainly rack-mounted products, and the master-slave management structure is mostly used. That is, one master network management module can connect N slave network management modules in series, and each slave network management module regularly * inquires on the subrack it is Submit the status information of all fiber optic transceivers to the main network management module. On the one hand, the main network management module needs to inquire the network management information on its own rack; on the other hand, it also needs to collect all the information from the sub-racks, and then summarize and submit it to the network management server. For example, the OL200 series network management type optical fiber transceiver products provided by Wuhan Fiberhome Networks support 1 (master) + 9 (slave) network management structure, and can manage up to 150 fiber optic transceivers at a time.
User-end network management can be divided into three ways: the first is to run a specific protocol between the central office and the client device, the protocol is responsible for sending the client's status information to the central office, and these states are processed by the central office's CPU Information and submit it to the network management server; the second is that the optical fiber transceiver at the central office can detect the optical power on the optical port, so when there is a problem on the optical path, the optical power can be used to determine whether it is a problem on the optical fiber or a fault on the client device The third is to install a main control CPU on the fiber optic transceiver at the user end, so that the network management system can monitor the working status of the user equipment on the one hand, and can also realize remote configuration and remote restart. Of the three user-end network management methods, the first two are strictly remote monitoring of user-end equipment, and the third is true remote network management. However, since the third method adds a CPU to the user end, which also increases the cost of the user equipment, the first two methods will be more advantageous in terms of price. At present, most manufacturers' network management systems are developed based on the SNMP network protocol and support multiple management methods including Web, Telnet, CLI and so on. Most of the management content includes configuring the operating mode of the fiber optic transceiver, monitoring the module type, working status, chassis temperature, power status, output voltage and output optical power of the fiber optic transceiver, and so on. With the increasing demand for network management of equipment by operators, it is believed that the network management of fiber optic transceivers will become increasingly practical and intelligent.
· Classified by power source:
Built-in power fiber transceiver: built-in switching power supply is a carrier-grade power supply. External power supply fiber transceiver: external transformer power supply is mostly used in civilian equipment
According to the power supply, it can be divided into two types: built-in power supply and external power supply. Among them, the built-in switching power supply is a carrier-grade power supply, and the external transformer power supply is mostly used in civilian equipment. The former has the advantage of being able to support ultra-wide power supply voltage, better realizing voltage stabilization, filtering and equipment power protection, and reducing external failure points caused by mechanical contact; the latter has the advantage of small size and low price.
Fiber optic transceiver product features:
Fiber optic transceivers usually have the following basic characteristics:
1. Provide ultra-low latency data transmission.
2. Fully transparent to network protocols.
3. Adopt special ASIC chip to realize data line speed forwarding. Programmable ASICs concentrate multiple functions on a single chip, which has the advantages of simple design, high reliability, and low power consumption. It can enable the device to obtain higher performance and lower cost.
4. Rack-type equipment can provide hot-swap function for easy maintenance and uninterrupted upgrade. 5. The network management equipment can provide functions such as network diagnosis, upgrade, status report, abnormal situation report and control, etc., and can provide a complete log and alarm log.
6. The equipment mostly adopts 1 + 1 power supply design, supports ultra-wide power supply voltage, and realizes power supply protection and automatic switching.
7. Support ultra wide working temperature range.
8. Support complete transmission distance (0 ～ 120 kilometers).
The development trend of optical fiber transceiver:
Fiber transceiver products are constantly developing and improving, and users have put forward many new requirements for the equipment.
First of all, the current fiber transceiver products are not smart enough. For example, when the optical path of the optical fiber transceiver is broken, the electrical port on the other end of most products will remain open, so upper-layer devices such as routers and switches will continue to send packets to the electrical port, resulting in data unreachability . It is hoped that the majority of equipment suppliers can realize automatic switching on the optical fiber transceiver. When the optical path is down, the electrical port automatically alarms upwards, and prevents upper-layer equipment from continuing to send data to the port, enabling redundant links to ensure uninterrupted service.
Second, the fiber optic transceiver itself should be better able to adapt to the actual network environment. In actual projects, the use of fiber optic transceivers is mostly in corridors or outdoors, and the power supply situation is very complicated. This requires that the equipment of various manufacturers preferably supports ultra-wide power supply voltage to adapt to unstable power supply conditions. At the same time, due to ultra-high temperature and ultra-low temperature weather conditions in many areas of the country, the impact of lightning strikes and electromagnetic interference is also actually present. All of these have a very large impact on outdoor equipment such as transceivers, which requires equipment providers to The use of devices, circuit layout and soldering, and structural design must be meticulous and strict.
In addition, in terms of network management, users mostly hope that all network devices can be managed remotely through a unified network management platform, that is, the MIB library of the optical fiber transceiver can be imported into the entire network management information database. Therefore, it is necessary to ensure the standardization and compatibility of network management information in product development.
The optical fiber transceiver breaks the 100-meter limitation of the Ethernet cable in data transmission. Relying on high-performance switching chips and large-capacity buffers, while truly achieving non-blocking transmission switching performance, it also provides balanced traffic, isolation conflicts and Detect errors and other functions to ensure high security and stability during data transmission. Therefore, for a long period of time, optical fiber transceiver products will remain an indispensable part of actual network formation. I believe that future optical fiber transceivers will continue to develop in the direction of high intelligence, high stability, network management, and low cost.
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