The Internet of Things has become a trend in information technology. Various smart devices will act as carriers for sensors, enabling seamless interaction between people, machines and the cloud, allowing smart devices to be combined with artificial intelligence (AI) to have "wisdom" and human perception. Expanded and extended. At present, there are more than 1,700 companies engaged in the research, production and application of sensors in China. The industry is basically complete, and the sensor products reach 10 categories, 42 categories and more than 6,000 varieties, whether in health care, urban planning or urban transportation. The sensor is playing a central role.
Previously, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology issued a letter of opinion, and the Chinese Academy of Engineering organized 16 projects including the MEMS sensor industrialization, which is intended to be a major landmark project of “Made in China 2025†in 2017. As more devices shine through the second spring of sensors and increase efficiency, the mission of the next generation of engineers, innovators and artists is to discover the almost limitless opportunities offered by the world of data.
1.1 The concept of smart sensors
The concept of smart sensors was first proposed by NASA in the development of spacecraft and was formed in 1979. The IEEE Association will be able to provide a controlled or perceived amount of sensors that can typically simplify their integration into a network environment, called smart sensors. The book "Modern New Sensors Principles and Applications" considers smart sensors to be sensors with microprocessors that combine information detection, information memory, and logical thinking and judgment.
Intelligent sensors are high-tech that are developing at a high speed. So far, a unified definition has not been formed. It is widely believed that smart sensors are sensors that have automatic collection, data processing, self-diagnosis and self-adaptation capabilities for information such as the external environment.
1.2 Intelligent sensor function
(1) Self-compensation and self-diagnosis function: The diagnostic algorithm in the microprocessor can verify the output of the sensor and can directly present the diagnostic information, so that the sensor has the function of self-diagnosis.
(2) Information storage and memory function: The data storage of the historical data and various necessary parameters by using the self-contained space greatly improves the performance of the controller.
(3) Self-learning and adaptive function: Self-learning function can be realized by embedded microprocessor with advanced programming function. At the same time, in the working process, smart sensor can reconstruct structure and parameters according to certain behavior criteria. Adaptive features.
(4) Digital output function: The intelligent sensor integrates an analog-to-digital conversion circuit, which can directly output digital signals, which alleviates the signal processing pressure of the controller.
2. Intelligent sensor application field and its development status2.1 Civil Engineering
As a major civil engineering and infrastructure country, China has a service life of several decades, such as bridges, dams, nuclear power plants, and water supply and power supply systems. Due to environmental factors such as corrosion and aging of materials, it is inevitable that engineering damage and disasters will occur. The problem of reduced resistance, etc., so the role of smart sensors in the field of civil engineering is particularly important.
Zhou Zhi and Ou Jinping from Harbin Institute of Technology analyzed the temperature sensing characteristics of fiber grating and the temperature compensation principle and method of strain sensing. A fiber grating package sensor for engineering applications was developed, including sensors and optical switches. Large-scale, distributed fiber Bragg grating intelligent monitoring system including data acquisition and control software, and successfully applied to the actual construction of bridges, combining temperature sensors with building materials for the total health monitoring of bridges got a good result.
2.2 Medicine
In the field of biomedicine, sensors are applied as core components to many testing instruments. For human health, there are often higher requirements for medical sensors, not only for their accuracy, reliability, and anti-interference, but also for the size of the sensor. External characteristics such as weight and weight also have special requirements. Therefore, the application of sensors in medicine reflects the development level of sensors to some extent.
With the advent of wearable, implantable miniature smart sensors, the development of medical instrumentation has made a milestone. Sun Yat-sen University, Feng Wei, Chen Zhongben and others studied a human body real-time monitoring system, which uses multiple micro-intelligent sensors to realize human health data acquisition, processing and communication tasks through a wireless network based on Bluetooth technology. After analyzing and calculating, it is fed back to each node to monitor the monitored object in real time to avoid sudden diseases. This wearable smart sensor can also be used in high-intensity sports games such as football matches or high-intensity training for athletes. .
2.3 Cars and traffic
The development of transportation is gradually becoming systematic, standardized and intelligent management. It establishes a complete intelligent transportation system in the city, and uses intelligent information collection and processing, data communication and other technologies to realize the multi-dimensional unification of people, vehicles and road information, and further intelligently regulate traffic. The operating system uses the road sensor network to obtain data such as the infrastructure, various types of vehicles, and the state of movement of the people in the current transportation system, so that it is possible to realize intelligent detection and control of the transportation system.
At present, the scale production of smart sensors has been realized in the fields of safe driving systems, body systems, intelligent transportation systems, etc. With the continuous updating and improvement of smart sensors, their application in the automotive field has been extensive. The Tire Pressure Monitoring System (TPMS) is an intelligent monitoring system that monitors the pressure and temperature of a car's tires. The monitor collects temperature and pressure data for each tire and sends different warning signals to alert the driver based on abnormalities in tire temperature and pressure data. Take certain measures to play a positive role in preventing major traffic accidents. Lei Pengfei and Shen Huadong of Wenzhou University studied and designed the application of infrared sensors in the obstacle avoidance system of smart cars. The infrared rays emitted by the obstacle avoidance sensors will be reflected in a certain range, and the sensors will detect infrared rays. The reflected signal is sent to the single-chip microcomputer, and the single-chip microcomputer intelligently coordinates the direction and distance of the vehicle tire by inputting an internal algorithm, thereby completing the obstacle avoiding action. At the same time, the unicycle balancing vehicle as an emerging personal vehicle also uses the built-in sensor to collect the user's posture information to control the forward direction and speed of the balancing vehicle, and becomes a major innovation of the sensor in the transportation field.
2.4 Military and National Defense
Military power is a key indicator to measure a country's national defense strength and comprehensive strength, and plays an important role in national defense construction. As an important part of military power, the performance of the weapon system determines the success or failure of the military team. The introduction of intelligent sensors in the weapon system can not only monitor the battlefield situation changes in real time, but also adjust the reconnaissance and combat plans in time, and can apply various types of micro-transmissions. The sensory device enables covert surveillance, laying the technical and environmental foundation for destroying enemy targets and attacking armed forces. The US Marine Corps ground detection robot is equipped with a smart sensor with pitch angle and roll angle on the fuselage. This equipment is mainly used for diving reconnaissance. In addition, a smart sensor based on satellite navigation is installed on the fuselage for accurate simulation. The battlefield and its surrounding terrain make it a perfect match for amphibious operations.
2.5 Home Appliances
Zheng Zhihui and others studied the application of infrared sensors in intelligent cloud air conditioners, introduced infrared thermal imaging technology into the development of intelligent air conditioners, realized intelligent air supply and intelligent start and stop functions, and selected whether to turn on air conditioners according to the difference between indoor temperature and user sense temperature. And choose the air supply mode and the corresponding adjustment parameters, the application with the Zhigao cloud platform to achieve intelligent fire prevention function, intelligent detection, alarm, users can understand the scene through the APP.
2.6 Electronic equipment
The smart bracelet is the most common type of wearable electronic device. It can monitor and record the user's diet, sleep, fitness and other data in real time through the micro-skin sensor, and synchronize the data to electronic devices such as smart phones and tablets. Use data to guide healthy living. Li Yilu and Chen Hongbo of Guilin University of Electronic Technology designed a smart walking bracelet based on MEMS data output acceleration sensor and ultra-low power single-chip microcomputer. The bracelet uses sensors to record the walking volume, calorie consumption, etc. of the athletes anytime, anywhere. The information is transmitted to the mobile phone through Bluetooth, which realizes the good adaptation of the step counting function and improves the reliability operation of the smart bracelet. Helios designed a smart ring equipped with a UV UV sensor. Users only need to feedback the application of sun protection and sun protection on the Helios application. The smart ring can provide accurate results according to the intensity of the day's UV rays to help users determine the sunbathing time, etc. .
2.7 Agriculture
Smart agriculture is an advanced stage of modern agricultural development. It involves the application of intelligent information technology such as sensing and measurement technology, automatic control technology, computer and communication technology, and monitoring of agricultural production based on various sensor nodes and communication networks placed in agricultural product growing areas. The field wisdom planting data to achieve visual management, intelligent early warning, etc., so sensor technology is a key technology for modern agricultural development.
Cheng Yangyang, Wang Ku, Liu Chao, etc. of China Agricultural University designed and developed an intelligent monitoring system for agricultural environment. The ZigBee wireless sensor network was constructed through distributed sensor nodes to collect and transmit air temperature and humidity, carbon dioxide concentration and soil temperature. Information such as humidity and light intensity, and this information is collected together with the image data collected by the camera, transmitted to a remote server through a radio station, remotely monitoring environmental problems in agricultural production, and achieving intelligent and efficient agricultural production management.
2.8 Ocean exploration
The premise of developing marine resources is the real-time collection and detection of marine information. With the wide application of Internet of Things technology in the marine environment, in order to realize real-time monitoring of marine environment and real-time collection of marine information, intelligent collection of marine information has become the basis for ensuring marine environmental monitoring. Yang Xiufang and others designed and developed an information acquisition system based on wireless sensors. By constructing a wireless sensor network, real-time provision of marine environment data, making full use of the advantages of ZigBee network, reducing the network forming time and reducing the optimal time interval formed by intelligently activating sensor nodes. Power consumption and complexity simultaneously prolong the survival time of wireless sensor networks, ensure that sensors can monitor the marine environment in real time and collect real-time ocean information, which has certain value for future marine environmental protection and resource development.
2.9 Aerospace
NASA has developed a Stanford multi-actuator receiver conversion to test the life of the space shuttle and to check the health of the launch vehicle's inboard facilities and the structure of the various key components.
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