In 2016, Gree Dong Mingzhu's pro-impression of Zhuhai Yinlong suddenly made lithium titanate battery cells a hot topic of discussion. Daxie’s media reports promoted the lithium titanate battery to the sky. People who are not familiar with the battery think it is a new type of battery. The actual lithium titanate battery is still in the category of lithium-ion battery, but the negative electrode material uses lithium titanate. (Li4TI5O12, Lithium TItanate oxide, LTO). One of the characteristics of this type of material is that it has good structural stability and can be applied to long-life, fast charge and other fields. In addition, it has a higher potential than the graphite material commonly used in the negative electrode of lithium ion batteries, reaching 1.5V (vs. Li). /Li+), the safety is relatively good, but it also causes the voltage of lithium titanate in the whole battery to be relatively low, only about 2.3-2.5V.
Domestic production of lithium titanate materials is relatively early, such as Yinlong, micro macro and so on. In fact, as early as 10 years ago (2007), Toshiba had a lithium-ion battery based on a lithium titanate negative electrode. Toshiba gave it a special name: Super Charge ion Battery (SCiB). Can be filled with 90% energy in 5 minutes! Here mainly through the performance data of SCiB battery to illustrate the advantages and disadvantages of lithium titanate lithium-ion battery, to readers who do not understand the battery.
Toshiba's SCiB lithium-ion battery has six features (Figure 1):
1. High and high. Less heat generation during internal short circuit
2. Good low temperature performance. Can be used at -30 degrees Celsius
3. Fast charging ability. The fastest can even charge in 6 minutes, equivalent to 10C charging rate
4. Long life. Cycle life exceeds tens of thousands of times
5. High power output. Instantaneous high current output capability, power density comparable to capacitors
6. Effective SOC window width. LTO has a very flat voltage curve and accounts for more than 85% of the entire SOC range.
Figure 1 Six characteristics of the SCiB lithium-ion battery (data of the single battery)
Toshiba's SCiB single cells include power cells 2.9Ah, 10Ah and energy cells 20Ah, 23Ah (Figure 2). Among them, 2.9Ah battery at 35 degrees Celsius, SOC range of 20-80%, 10C charge/10C discharge cycle life of up to 40,000 times (Figure 3), 10Ah battery under 5C charge / 5C discharge conditions, cycle 20000 After that, the capacity retention rate is still above 90% (Fig. 4). The cycle life of the 20Ah battery at 3C charge and discharge current can be maintained above 15000 (capacity retention rate > 80%, Figure 5).
Figure 2 SCiB single battery
Figure 3 Cycle life of SCiB 2.9Ah battery
Figure 4 SCiB 10Ah battery cycle life
Figure 5 SCiB 20Ah battery cycle life
Among them, Toshiba also gave the SCiB 10Ah battery excellent low temperature performance (Figure 6): at minus 20 degrees Celsius can be normally charged and discharged with 1C current, and there is no significant capacity attenuation.
Figure 6 SCiB 10Ah battery low temperature performance
Figure 7 shows the needle punching, extrusion and overcharge test of the 2.9Ah SCiB battery.
The experimental conditions for acupuncture are: the battery is fully charged, the room temperature is 24 degrees Celsius, the diameter of the steel needle is 5mm, and the needle punching speed is 10mm/s. After completely piercing the battery, the steel needle stays in the battery for 30min. Experimental results: The battery is pierced, does not smoke, does not ignite, does not explode.
The experimental conditions of extrusion are: the battery is fully charged, the room temperature is 23 degrees Celsius, the extrusion head diameter is 15.8 mm, the extrusion speed is 2.3 mm/s, the extrusion deformation is 50%, and the extrusion head is maintained at the place where the battery is 50% deformed for 30 minutes. . Experimental results: The battery is deformed by 50%, does not smoke, does not ignite, and does not explode.
The experimental conditions for overcharging are: the battery is fully charged, the room temperature is 22 degrees Celsius, the charging current is 3A, and the charging time is 90 minutes. Experimental results: The battery bulges, does not smoke, does not ignite, does not explode.
Figure 7 SCiB 2.9Ah single cell needle, squeeze, overcharge safety test
Table 1 shows the performance parameters of the SCiB single cells. The lithium-ion battery voltage using lithium titanate material is only about 2.4V, which is nearly 1.3V lower than the lithium-ion battery voltage of 3.7V using ternary materials. However, the power characteristics of the SCiB are excellent. The power density output capability of the power battery is nearly 4909W/L, even reaching 6664W/L; the power density input capability is about 5500W/L. However, the energy characteristics of SCiB batteries are relatively poor, both power and energy batteries are much lower than the energy characteristics of lithium-ion batteries using ternary materials.
It can be seen from the above data that the advantages and disadvantages of the lithium ion battery using the lithium titanate negative electrode are obvious: power characteristics, cycle life, fast charge performance, and safety are all outstanding; but its energy characteristics are obviously not Avoid the short board. Lithium-ion batteries based on lithium titanate negative electrodes are not as versatile as some media, and they are not used at all. Cutting into a specific subdivision, fully exploiting its characteristics, circumventing its shortcomings, and avoiding weaknesses is the development path of lithium-ion batteries using lithium titanate materials.
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