1 Introduction
Fire emergency luminaires have been widely installed and used in various buildings as luminaires that provide signs or illumination for evacuation or firefighting operations in the event of a fire in a building. Become an indispensable part of the building fire protection system. Its performance is directly related to the life safety of the people in the building. In every major fire that has serious casualties in the country, almost all problems related to fire emergency lighting, such as Zhongshan Tandao Western Restaurant Bar in Guangdong, are in a short period of time. Burning 26 people, fire emergency lighting is not standardized, causing people to find a safe exit evacuation in the event of a fire is one of the important lessons, such as Jilin Zhongbai shopping mall fire, Liaoning Fuxin Yindu nightclub fire, etc., and even recently The Shenzhen Longgang Dance King Club caused a 9.20 mega-fire that killed 44 people, and the fire emergency lighting fixtures in the building did not play their due role. In recent years, people from all walks of life have recognized the importance of fire emergency lighting, and fire emergency lighting has also been greatly developed.
Fire emergency lighting is one of the important components of fire emergency lighting. In the process of investigating the use of fire emergency lighting in the market, I found that some fire emergency lighting lights are getting smaller and smaller, and the brightness of the light source is seriously low. When a fire occurs, the luminaire itself is difficult to function as an emergency illuminator. At present, the current GB17945-2000 "Fire Emergency Lights" standard, in which only the light required to be converted from the main power supply to the emergency power supply in 5.1.4, the luminous flux should not be lower than 70% of the luminous flux of the light source at the rated voltage, 5.1.2 The emergency working time of the fire emergency luminaire shall be not less than 45 min, and not less than the nominal emergency working time of the luminaire itself. In this standard, the specific requirements for the specific power and brightness of the fire emergency illuminator are not clearly specified. As a result, the fire emergency light with low power and low brightness can be legally flown into the city. The author here is to talk about personal opinions on this issue for reference only.
2. Research on current production process and market characteristics of fire emergency lighting
According to the classification of fire emergency lighting, according to the emergency power supply form, it can be divided into (a) self-contained power supply type; (b) centralized power supply type; (c) mother-child power supply type, which can be divided into (a) continuous according to working mode. (b) Non-continuous, according to the emergency implementation can be divided into (a) independent type; (b) centralized control type; (c) child-child control type. In this paper, we will discuss the independent fire-fighting emergency lighting with its own power supply.
The composition of fire emergency lighting. The fire emergency lighting is mainly composed of a battery, a control circuit board, a casing, a lamp holder or a lamp body to which the light source is mounted. From the production process of fire emergency lighting, it mainly includes raw material testing, plug-in, hardware forming, assembly aging experiment, functional testing, full inspection and complete product testing. In addition to the normal production process, the design of the circuit and the capacity of the battery will become an important factor affecting the performance of the luminaire. In order to keep the light source of the lamp high, it is necessary to select the appropriate type and power of the light source, and then design the corresponding circuit according to the type and power of the light source. To ensure that the light source reaches the specified emergency lighting time, the corresponding battery capacity must be guaranteed.
Market characteristics of fire emergency lighting. From the user's demand point of view, most users still stay in the basic functional requirements, and have insufficient understanding of the important role of fire emergency lights. Some users form passive consumption in response to the inspection and acceptance of the fire department, they do not care about fire emergency. The quality of the lamps, only concerned with the price of the products, the selection of low-priced products, so that manufacturers have to reduce the quality requirements to meet the low price requirements of users, forming a vicious circle of low prices and low quality. At present, some powerful brands in the industry are improving product quality and gradually lowering prices and profits. Therefore, some brands that do not have the production strength and low reputation are difficult to compete in the market. The only way is to lower the price. To be lower, when it falls to a price bottom line, it can only reduce the quality to reduce costs. Among them, because the current GB17945-2000 "Fire Emergency Lights" standard has no clear requirements on the power and brightness of fire emergency lighting, reducing the power of the battery to reduce the light source has become a legal practice to reduce manufacturing costs. Because the battery is the most important cost of fire emergency lighting, reducing the number of batteries used will greatly reduce manufacturing costs. For example, nickel-cadmium battery 1.2V1800mAh, the cost of each battery is about 6 yuan, some manufacturers use 5 sections, some manufacturers use 1 section, so the cost difference is relatively large. The number of batteries is reduced, and the luminaire still meets the requirements of 5.1.2 for emergency working hours in GB17945-2000. The power consumption of the light source must be reduced, that is, the power of the light source is reduced. The capacity of the emergency light battery and the rated voltage and emergency output power are It is directly proportional, so the direct consequence is that the luminous intensity of the emergency light is reduced.
3. Relationship between battery output power, luminous flux and illuminance and related requirements
The measure of luminous intensity is luminous flux. Luminous flux is the radiant energy that the eye can feel. It is equal to the product of the radiant energy of a certain band per unit time and the relative visibility of that band. The unit of luminous flux is lumens, abbreviated as lm. Illuminance can be measured directly with an illuminometer. The unit of illuminance is lux, which can also be written as lx. An object that is uniformly illuminated by light, when the luminous flux obtained on an area of ​​1 square meter is 1 lumen, its illuminance is 1 lux.
Here, we give an example of the relationship between the battery output power of the fire emergency lighting and the luminous flux of the luminaire. First of all, we first set the light source of the lamp to be 2X3w filled with inert gas light bulb. The emergency lighting time requirement is above 90min. When using 6V1.8Ah nickel-cadmium battery, the luminous flux of the lamp can reach 40Lm; when using 4.8V1.8Ah nickel When the cadmium battery is used, the luminous flux of the lamp can reach 30Lm; when the nickel-cadmium battery of 3.6V1.8Ah is used, the luminous flux of the lamp can reach 20Lm; when the nickel-cadmium battery of 2.4V1.8Ah is selected, the luminous flux of the lamp can reach 10Lm; Under the same premise, the lower the battery output power of the fire emergency lighting, the lower the luminous flux of the lamps.
In the actual installation and use process, GB 50016-2006 "Code for Fire Protection of Building Design" Article 11.3.2 stipulates that the illumination of fire emergency lighting fixtures in buildings shall meet the following standards: 1. The minimum horizontal illumination of the evacuated walkway shall not be less than 0.5. Lx; 2. The minimum illuminance of the ground in a crowded place should not be lower than 1Lx; 3. The minimum horizontal illuminance of the stairwell should not be lower than 5Lx; 4. Fire control room, fire pump room, self-supplied generator room, match Fire emergency lighting for electric rooms, smoke and smoke evacuation rooms, and other rooms that still need to work normally in the event of a fire should still ensure normal illumination.
The author simply did a test, using a fire emergency light with a 3.6V1.8Ah battery that is common in the market and another 6V1.8Ah fire emergency light that is relatively rare in cost. It is suspended for 24 hours at the end of the corridor. At a height of 2 meters, the test was carried out with a light meter. The data is as follows:
Table 1 (3.6V1.8Ah battery)
Projection distance from emergency light (m) 0 1 2 4 6
Light column direct range illumination (lx) 9.0 7.5 3.2 1.6 0.4
Light column range external illumination (lx) 2.5 2.4 1.1 0.8 0.3
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