The low-carbon economy is deeply rooted in the hearts of the people. The low-carbon development model has also risen to the height of national policy. The sustainable low-carbon and green economy has become the trend of the world, and it has undoubtedly brought unprecedented opportunities for energy-saving and environmental protection industries such as LED lighting. The general lighting with the largest market share in LED lighting is a big cake. How to make LED indoor lighting enter thousands of households, the concept of low-cost, long-life, energy-saving in operation, people-oriented and sustainable green lighting is fully explained. Now the general trend of the LED industry. LED bulbs play an important role in energy saving and environmental protection in indoor lighting. For example, Philips recently developed 12W LED bulbs to achieve energy savings of 80%. If these incandescent bulbs are replaced with LED lights, they can save 32.6 watts per year. Electricity can be used by 16.7 million home users.
1. What is an LED bulb?
The LED bulbs mentioned here mainly include LED spotlights and LED bulbs. The colors are white or warm white, which is used to replace traditional incandescent lamps (it is not easy to replace energy-saving lamps for the time being).
LED spotlights are LED bulbs that emit light that is directional. The main types are MR16, GU10, PAR series.
LED bulbs are light-emitting LED bulbs, the main type is E27.
According to the power, LED bulbs can be divided into: low power (mainly produced by 5mm LED) and high power (mainly produced by 1W, 3W, or even 5W LED). At the same time, there is also a huge power in the market (for example, 50W LED spotlights), but this has not been tested by the market, and there is no big market.
Among them, low-power LED spotlights and bulbs are the earliest designed and produced LED bulbs, which have been adopted on a large scale, but the quality is not good. These bulbs are mainly sold on foreign retail websites such as theledlight.com, wiedamark.com, ledwaves.com, and 1000bulbs.com. The high-power LED spotlights and bulbs have been widely used and promoted in the last 2-3 years. Generally, they are much more stable than the low-power LED bulbs. With the price drop of high-power LEDs, high-power LEDs Light bulbs will become the mainstream of the market.
2. Advantages of LED bulbs
1) Energy saving
Research data shows that because LED is a cold light source, semiconductor lighting itself does not have any pollution to the environment. Compared with incandescent lamps and fluorescent lamps, the power saving efficiency can reach more than 90%. At the same brightness, the power consumption is only 1/10 of that of an ordinary incandescent lamp and 1/2 of a fluorescent tube. If we replace 50% of our current traditional lighting with LEDs, the amount of electricity saved in China is equivalent to the sum of the power generation of a Three Gorges Power Station, and its energy-saving benefits are considerable.
2) Health
The LED is a green light source. LED lamp DC drive, no stroboscopic; no infrared and ultraviolet components, no radiation pollution, high color rendering and strong directionality; good dimming performance, no visual error when color temperature changes; cold light source Low heat and safe touch; these are not possible with incandescent and fluorescent lamps. It not only provides comfortable lighting space, but also satisfies people's physiological health needs. It is a healthy light source that protects vision and is environmentally friendly.
Since the current single LED has low power and low brightness, it is not suitable for use alone, and assembling LEDs together to design a practical LED lighting fixture has broad application prospects. The luminaire designer can determine the shape of the optical system of the luminaire, the number of LEDs and the power according to the requirements of the illumination object and the luminous flux. It is also possible to design several LED illuminating tubes into a "secondary" of point light source, ring light source or surface light source. The light source" is designed according to the combined "secondary light source".
3) Artistic
Light color is the basic element that constitutes visual aesthetics, and is an important means of beautifying the living room. The choice of light source directly affects the artistic effect of lighting. LED has shown unparalleled advantages in the artistic display of light color display lamps; currently color LED products have covered the entire visible spectrum range, and have good monochromaticity, high color purity, red and green. The combination of yellow LEDs gives greater flexibility in the choice of color and grayscale (16.7 million colors). The luminaire is a luminous sculpture. The material form of the luminaire constructed from materials, structures, shapes and textures is also an important means of displaying art. LED technology makes the living room lamps more scientifically and artistically combined, breaking the side frame of traditional lamps, surpassing the inherent concept of so-called lamp form, the design of lamps in the visual and visual artistic expression, with a A new perspective to understand, understand and express the theme of light. We can more flexibly use the combination of light and dark in optical technology, the combination of light and color, the advantages of material and structural design, and improve the freedom of design to weaken the lighting function of lamps, making lamps become a visual art, creating comfort and grace. The light art effect. For example, translucent synthetic materials and candle-like LED lamps made of aluminum can be placed on the ground, on the corners or on the table. The concept is simple and relaxed. The visual experience and the experience of light make the lamps full of fun and vitality. The body of life.
4) Humanization
Undoubtedly, the relationship between light and people is an eternal topic. "People see the lights, I saw the light." It is this classic discourse that has changed the understanding of the lamps by countless designers. The highest level of lighting is the "shadowless lamp" is also the highest embodiment of humanized lighting. There is no trace of common lamps in the room, so that people can feel the light but can not find the light source, reflecting the humanized design that perfectly combines light and human life. .
3. LED bulbs gradually replace traditional lighting bulbs
1) Comparison of light intensity
Incandescent light intensity distribution curve LED energy-saving light intensity distribution curve
Note: 25W incandescent lamps use Philips incandescent bulbs. The general effective angle of general illumination is about 60~90° (corresponding to 30° and 45° in the table). It can be seen from the above table that 30° is higher than 3 times and 45° is still higher than 2.5 times, so the actual lighting of LED energy-saving lamps The effect is equivalent to an incandescent bulb of 50~60W, which is 11 times brighter than an incandescent bulb.
2) Luminous flux comparison (simple comparison method)
1, LED energy-saving lamps and incandescent bulbs comparison
Note: 125W incandescent bulbs use Philips incandescent bulbs.
2 luminaire efficiency is calculated at 60%.
As can be seen from the above table, the 5W LED energy-saving lamp is 5.5 times more effective than the incandescent light effect. However, after the lamp is installed, most of the light of the incandescent lamp needs to be reflected by the lamp, and a part of the light is lost when reflected. The light source does not have this problem), so the 5W LED energy-saving lamp is 9 times of the incandescent light effect, that is, under the same power, the 5W LED energy-saving lighting effect is 9 times the brightness of the incandescent lamp. After the above comparison, it is shown that the LED energy-saving lamp actually saves 90% of energy compared with the incandescent lamp.
2, LED energy-saving lamps and halogen lamps contrast
Note: 135W halogen lamp uses "Foshan" halogen lamp.
2 luminaire efficiency is calculated at 60%.
As can be seen from the above table, the 5W LED energy-saving lamp is four times more efficient than the halogen light effect. However, after the lamp is installed, most of the light of the halogen lamp needs to be reflected by the lamp, and a part of the light is lost when reflected. The light source does not have this problem), so the 5W LED energy-saving lamp is 6.5 times of the halogen light effect, that is, under the same power, the 5W LED energy-saving lighting effect is 6.5 times of the brightness of the halogen lamp. After the above comparison, the LED energy-saving lamp actually saves 85% of electricity compared to the halogen lamp.
3, LED energy-saving lamps and ordinary energy-saving lamps
Note: 15W ordinary energy-saving lamps use "Foshan" energy-saving lamps.
2 luminaire efficiency is calculated at 60%.
As seen from the above table, the 5W LED energy-saving lamp is equivalent to the brightness of the 5W ordinary energy-saving lamp, but after the lamp is installed, since the general energy-saving lamp has a large illumination angle, most of the light needs to be reflected by the lamp, and when reflected It will lose some light (the LED light source does not have this problem), so the brightness of the actual lighting effect of the 5W LED energy-saving lamp is higher than about 50% of the ordinary energy-saving lamp. Correspondingly, the 5W LED energy-saving lamp saves electricity compared to the 5W ordinary energy-saving lamp. above 50. After the above comparison, the LED energy-saving lamp is actually 50% more energy-efficient than the ordinary energy-saving lamp.
Conclusion: The LED energy-saving lamp effectively utilizes the luminous flux, and the luminous efficiency is 1.6 times, 4 times, and 5 times that of the conventional ordinary energy lamp, halogen lamp, and incandescent light bulb. LED energy-saving lamps have an excellent color rendering index, which is 10 times longer than ordinary energy-saving lamps, and even 50 times longer than incandescent bulbs. The replacement of traditional lighting bulbs with LED bulbs has become an inevitable trend in the development of future lighting.
4. LED bulbs in indoor lighting applications
1) Principles and directions of application
Indoor lighting is different from night lighting, and emphasizes the function of lighting. Compared with road lighting, it is a wider space. Different places of use, different functions, different sizes, different decorative aesthetic requirements, determine indoor There are many kinds of lighting fixtures, and the types of light distribution are different. At present, hundreds of enterprises are rushing to the streetlights. They should broaden their horizons, change their minds, and enter the wider world.
When you walk into the room, do what you do first, and from which areas you break through, it is recommended to consider the following principles and directions.
(1) First of all, it should meet the requirements of "Architectural Lighting Design Standards", including illumination, uniformity, glare, color rendering index requirements and appropriate color temperature to achieve good visual conditions and LPD limits.
(2) should choose places, pilot applications, gradually expand, step by step, sum up experience, continuous improvement, should not ignore the object, do not analyze the conditions, large-scale promotion. Look for places that can give full play to your strengths as an entry point.
(3) Outstanding energy saving: At present, the first goal is to replace the inefficient incandescent lamp, and the advantage is better; the second goal is to replace the halogen lamp; the third is to gradually replace the compact fluorescent lamp. Special attention: not all LEDs are energy-saving, it should be compared under the same illumination level and close lighting quality; from this point of view, LEDs should not be replaced by high-efficiency three-color straight tube fluorescent lamps.
(4) Take advantage of LED colored light, use it indoors for higher decoration requirements, or as a landscape, sign light, etc.
(5) Take advantage of LED quick start and convenient dimming, and it is preferred to use sound, light self-control and need to dim or frequently switch lights.
(6) Using the characteristics of LED directional illumination, it is applied to parts that require directional illumination, such as spotlights, downlights, and the like.
2) Suitable place for application
According to the above principles, the following places are suitable for application or trial use.
(1) Stairs and walkways in residential buildings or similar places are equipped with energy-saving self-extinguishing switches. Almost all incandescent lamps are used. It is most suitable to replace with LEDs. The energy-saving effect is good. Although it is only a "small light", the number is large. Estimated over 100 million, its energy-saving benefits are considerable, and the economic benefits of enterprises are significant.
(2) Evacuation lights, evacuation signs, and other sign lights, as well as some spare lights (when HID lamps are used for normal lighting), LEDs are suitable.
(3) It is very suitable to replace the PAR38 (using reflective incandescent lamp) with LEDs. It is very suitable to replace the MR16 and MR25 (using halogen lamps). These LEDs have higher color rendering index. (Ra) and have a warm color table (<3300K).
(4) Spotlights used for key lighting in shopping malls, spotlights in Expo Pavilion buildings, and cylinders and spotlights in public buildings.
(5) The hotel uses more incandescent lamps and halogen lamps. It is a suitable place for applying LED lights. It can be used to replace incandescent lamps and halogen lamps. The bedside lamps that need to be dimmed, the reading lamps on the bedside, and the night lamps. , wardrobe lights, bar lamps, door lights, entrance aisle lights, and bathroom shower lights.
(6) Partial lighting, using safety extra low voltage (SELV) inspection lights.
(7) Auxiliary places for general buildings where visual conditions are not too high, such as walkways, toilets, general purpose warehouses, fans, pump houses, etc.
4. History of LED bulb development
LED bulbs, which are light-emitting diodes, were invented in the 1960s. In the following decades, their basic use was as an indicator light for electronic devices such as tape recorders. In order to fully realize the lighting potential of LEDs, scientists have recently developed new LED bulbs for lighting. This bulb has the characteristics of high efficiency and long life, and can be used continuously for 100,000 hours, which is 100 times longer than ordinary incandescent bulbs.
It is estimated that LED bulbs have a market prospect of 9 billion pounds worldwide. Attracted by huge business opportunities, some light bulb manufacturers, such as Phillips, have begun investing millions of pounds to research and develop LED bulbs for home use. Scientists predict that in the next five years, this kind of light bulb is likely to become the mainstream of next-generation lighting.
As we all know, since the invention of incandescent lamps by American inventor Thomas Edison, people have basically used the technology invented by Edison to produce incandescent bulbs. In the middle of the bulb is a piece of metal tungsten wire that is illuminated by the heat activated bulb when the current is passed. However, LED bulbs are fundamentally different from traditional incandescent lamps both in terms of structure and illumination. Light-emitting diodes are made up of several layers of very thin doped semiconductor materials, one with excess electrons and the other with positive electrons due to the lack of electrons. When there is current, electrons and holes Combine with each other and release energy to radiate light.
For a long time, people have not used LEDs for illumination, mainly because LEDs usually only emit red or yellow light. In order to obtain white light, it is necessary to produce a light-emitting diode that emits blue light. In this way, after the three lights of red, yellow and blue are "mixed", white light is produced. Now, this problem that has troubled people has finally been solved. Scientists have discovered a new type of semiconductor material, gallium nitride, which emits blue light after proper treatment. After the problem of blue light is solved, there is hope for the problem of white light. Colin Humphreys of the Department of Materials at the University of Cambridge in the United Kingdom said that they have developed white light-emitting diode bulbs in the experiment. The light emitted by the bulb is very close to the sunlight and has a good application prospect. He said that LED bulbs are made of semiconductors. Therefore, the illuminators can be made very small, only a few millimeters, and mounted on walls or ceilings. If they are not turned on, they are almost imperceptible. It eliminates the need for a common incandescent lamp to be equipped with a lampshade to prevent light from puncturing the eyes. In addition, the life of this kind of bulb is very long, and there is almost no need to replace it after it is installed. In the future, people may forget how to change the bulb. Currently, he is calling on the British government to increase investment to ensure that the UK can be at the forefront of this technology field.
In addition to being durable, this type of bulb has great potential for energy savings. According to calculations, if half of the bulbs in the United States use LED bulbs, 24 stations can be shut down, saving billions of dollars and CO2 emissions will drop significantly. For this reason, the United States has planned to use LED bulbs for all traffic lights by 2006, saving $750 per year per intersection. Despite the many benefits of this kind of light bulb, there are two major obstacles to truly entering the ordinary family. First, the price is too high, and now the price of each bulb is 30 pounds, while the average incandescent bulb is only 35 pence, the gap is too big. Second, it is still difficult to produce a white light bulb suitable for home use. But developers believe that the price of this bulb can be reduced to £5 each in the next five years. At that time, LED bulbs will stand out from the traditional electronic device indicators and become a new star in the field of lighting.
5. LED bulb development bottlenecks and countermeasures
LED bulb products are still in their infancy, technically immature, and there are still many problems, such as:
1) Heat dissipation problem: How to effectively reduce the junction temperature to the allowable level, still in the exploration and practice, the temperature control is not good, it will affect the light effect, the attenuation of the light pass, and even the color temperature and color rendering stability.
2) At present, most LEDs have high color temperature and excessive blue spectrum. For most indoor places, people will feel uncomfortable, produce a sense of excitement, and are not coordinated with the environment. The light is not soft enough, which is not conducive to eye protection.
3) LED is used as indoor functional lighting. How to design the light distribution and light control system of the luminaire is also a new subject. The directional LED is different from the existing light source. The reflection, diffusion and light distribution of the luminaire have their own Features.
4) LED lighting drive circuit: It also needs further optimization and standardization. It also takes time, its performance including life, power consumption, harmonics, power factor, etc., need to be explored.
5) The price is too high, which is another obstacle to the promotion and application. Government subsidies alone are not a good strategy for development. LEDs are used to replace inefficient light sources such as incandescent lamps, which have significant energy-saving effects and can enjoy subsidies. Relative to three primary color straight tube fluorescent lamps This type of more efficient light source does not have the energy-saving effect (at least today), and the excessive initial construction cost is not economically justified.
6) Another problem with LED lighting is the lack of a smooth and orderly development. In just a few years, thousands of companies have squeezed into LED lighting, and there is a rising posture that reminds people of the "Great Leap Forward" era. Some companies have made imitations, low-level repetitions, exaggerated market entry, some companies and some media integration, excessive hype, exaggerated energy-saving effects, and even individual government officials have also taken the role of fuel, misleading the use of units. It is necessary to establish a complete set of technical standards and objective evaluation mechanisms, and seek truth-seeking public opinion to guide its healthy development.
The specific problems existing in the existing LED bulbs are mainly that the dead light or the light decay is serious; the actual luminous efficiency is not high, which is not enough to replace the traditional incandescent lamp, etc., the cover (the secondary lens around the lamp body); the base (such as E27) The base part is gone); the price is too high, not affordable.
Regardless of the development bottlenecks that LEDs currently have, their future prospects are good.
LEDs are still evolving, and indoor lighting space is vast, and the future application prospects are bright. But there must be greater progress and corresponding research and exploration work to create conditions for application.
1) Further improve the light efficiency and color rendering, and study a variety of more suitable color temperatures.
2) Integrate semiconductor disciplines and lighting disciplines into an in-depth study of lamp types and luminaire lighting systems that are suitable for LED characteristics.
3) Further reduce costs.
It is expected that in 5 to 10 years, LEDs can be widely applied in the field of indoor functional lighting.
In short, from the current domestic and international technology development, LED bulbs enter the indoor lighting is an inevitable process, this market will be very huge. The next three to five years will be an important period of development, and the application of semiconductor lighting in the field of general lighting will spring up. With the maturity of upstream chip development and the continuous expansion of the supplier MOCVD epitaxial furnace capacity, the unit production cost of LED will be greatly reduced, thereby eliminating the biggest cost barrier for LED bulbs to enter general lighting.
(Edited from: Gaogong LED Editor Wan Xiaomei)
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